Essay Writing Tips - Make Your Essay Writing Fun

<h1>Essay Writing Tips - Make Your Essay Writing Fun</h1><p>Essay composing for school or college is a critical thing in the life of each understudy. It isn't something that understudies would do with their recreation, so it is a significant piece of the learning procedure. Composing your own article for school or college can be a hard activity, however you need to make it an agreeable undertaking to do. There are numerous tips that you can follow so as to make the procedure simpler and faster.</p><p></p><p>You ought to choose what you need to expound on and the various subjects that you can expound on. On the off chance that you will expound on something that you don't have the foggiest idea about a ton about, at that point you can pick a simple theme. You will discover that when you expound on something that you don't have any acquaintance with, it turns into much simpler to compose. So as to do this, you should initially make sense of what sort of a subject you need to expound on. On the off chance that you need to expound on the human life systems, at that point you can pick an exceptionally simple subject, for example, the human body or the human mind.</p><p></p><p>Once you have settled on the theme that you need to expound on, you have to think about the things that you have to write in your own exposition. You should investigate the subjects that you might want to use in your paper. When you have discovered the subject that you need to expound on, you should investigate the necessary data about the topic.</p><p></p><p>There are a lot of prerequisites that you have to remember for your exposition. In the event that you will expound on clinical, at that point you should incorporate realities about the body portions of the human body, for example, their capacity and how they are utilized in the human body.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise reme mber individual history for your paper. In your article, you have to give instances of occasions that you would not like to occur or ought to have never occurred. This will permit your peruser to realize what you are thinking and in the event that you are discerning and develop enough to settle on choices and manage problems.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise incorporate tales from your own encounters. On the off chance that you will expound on general information, at that point you will have the option to tell about your encounters while on excursions to places that you didn't visit since they were boring.</p><p></p><p>Remember that your paper is something essential that you have to get right. These tips will assist you with composing your exposition quicker and easier.</p>

College Prices Too High Argumentative Essay Tips Guide

College Prices Too High Argumentative Essay Tips Guide College Prices Too High Argumentative Essay Explained Each purchase is validated by our brand-new software to be able to make sure that all our services are completely safe. Because our quality is so high, we've come to be the biggest and most reliable writing service in all Australia. The high cost as the only reason someone is unable to go to college is wholly absurd. After you locate a service you prefer, don't neglect to look at my review of it. Since you can see, our rates are extremely affordable. To your surprise, you're most likely to have a discount with your purchase. Attempt to discover a website that provides good deals and offers in place of rock-bottom rates. The weekend ought to be 3 days long. Most Noticeable College Prices Too High Argumentative Essay For the large part, money isn't the issue. Endowments is the huge one. The Basic Principles of College Prices Too High Argumentative Essay That You Can Benefit From Beginning Today The full idea is to locate a point of agreement by showing to the reader that you're looking at the counter argument too. Yet there's a certain way out. Face it, if you're likely to get the very best university system in the planet, someone's going to need to pay for it. Moreover, persuasive speech is just one of the most intriguing and hard ones, as College as a Place to Find Out Who You Are Essays, 258 words There are a few general problems an individual attempts to solve for a long time, maybe for the entire life. In the start of the 20th century, a nationwide effort was undertaken to present free secondary schooling to each American child. When you have selected your subject, you must provide significant thought to developing your claim. Of course, when you're speaking about some jobs, that might be the answer. Essay writing demands depth. Essay going to avoid plagiarism. Essay on spend less in hindi language. As soon as it is clear a top quality of each reflective essay on high school is a necessity, we additionally understand that a timely delivery is the secret to your success. It's critical that the service you decide on knows for sure they're only selecting the very best essay writers. A cause and effect essay is a sort of expository essay. If you are searching for more ideas, try out this essay topic generator. Background of the issue research paper. Here come the answers Argumentative essay is just one of the most frequent forms of essays that students will encounter in their academic life. To provide you with an idea, some excellent argumentative essay topics ideas are below. Although there are various variations of an argumentative essay, but all of them share the very same foundation. Below are a few of the best topics for your research essay. Choosing Good College Prices Too High Argumentative Essay Earning enough money to cover your college education is near impossible with a part-time job, while working full-time leaves students without an opportunity to study, meaning the money is really wasted. Yes, absolutely free college tuition may sound as a dream to some. In several cases, where you go to college may have a huge effect on your future and the way you live. School students ought to be permitted to curate their high school curriculum. Personal schools, however, are where the capability to go into debt has truly skyrocketed. When there are a lot of means to reduce costs, more frequently than not financial aid channels are not simple to navigate, and fitting external scholarships can be difficult to find. Government programs weren't ready for the increase in education expenses, and the federal grant programs started to shift to subsidized loan programs. National service training plan essay. A Ph.D. in the specialty is going to be assigned. Our experts are totally equipped with an entire accessibility to libraries and internationally renowned publications. Make certain you don't fall for different services where they use precisely the same report for a number of students. Not only are students choosing not to buy the materials they're assigned by their professor, but they're knowingly accepting the danger of a decrease grade to prevent paying for the textbook, the analysis concluded.

Osteoporosis drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Osteoporosis drugs - Essay Example There might be a great deal of medications as of now with built up names and quality confirmation yet CalciD-Bifos can flaunt the total components required for osteoporosis and as an early on item, a minimal effort that makes it moderate to a bigger size of clients. Minimal effort and quality only occasionally go together with the goal that the achievement of the item is exclusively reliant on these variables. With the rising consciousness of individuals and regard for their wellbeing, the requirement for osteoporosis medications would be exceptionally practical. This won't just be consistent with more established clients however to the youthful additionally in light of the fact that the medication can be utilized as a preventive measure so a wide cluster of clients is anticipated. Osteoporosis drugs are frequently costly so the minimal effort of CalciD-Bifos will be a major factor to its prosperity. Numerous individuals would have the option to manage the cost of and profit of it particularly for the counteraction of the said sickness to forestall progressively costly medicines. To arrive at this objective, there will be notices on all media accessible to educate the individuals regarding the presence of the medication and its

Essay Samples of How to Bring Educators to Diversity in College

<h1>Essay Samples of How to Bring Educators to Diversity in College</h1><p>The subject of paper tests of how to acquire teachers to assorted variety school is a mainstream one among instruction researchers. What may have appeared to be a miserable, pitifully imperfect strategic age prior has been changed into a very much oversaw program that draws from the present prescribed procedures in training. That implies that there is a ton of extraordinary data out there for individuals who need to realize how to get teachers to decent variety school and all the more critically, how to manufacture effective professions in the homeroom. This article will plot the absolute most significant points identified with that subject matter.</p><p></p><p>One of the main things that individuals frequently notice when they take a gander at the paper tests of how to acquire instructors to assorted variety school is the way that present understudies are included. Wh ile the facts confirm that numerous expositions highlight experiences from understudies, current understudies are once in a while the fundamental subject of intrigue. The facts demonstrate that present understudies do contribute significant bits of knowledge into what is functioning admirably in the homeroom. Nonetheless, that isn't the fundamental focal point of the essay.</p><p></p><p>The motivation behind the papers is to get a wide assortment of perspectives and encounters onto the page. Getting data from current understudies can be valuable as far as getting key data on what works, yet it isn't the whole story. Commonly, current understudies can likewise give significant bits of knowledge about what doesn't work, so the central matter of the exposition is to assemble various alternate points of view from a wide scope of students.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that is extremely critical to perceive is that the papers are done toward t he start of the semester, before understudies have gotten an opportunity to try and become acquainted with the teachers or school. Understudies are likely effectively acquainted with the educator's character, or if nothing else to some degree acquainted with the sort of work that is done in the homeroom. Therefore, understudies who have not yet shaped solid associations with their educators won't have any important experiences concerning why the teacher is doing the things that the person is doing.</p><p></p><p>In a paper, the author ought to painstakingly audit the circumstance from the understudy's viewpoint, not simply the professor's. On the off chance that you locate that an understudy is committing basic errors with their learning in the study hall, the same number of understudies do, compose a short article about the issue so different understudies can see that you were not alluding to the understudy as an abnormality. All the more significantly, expou nd on how your class genuinely has changed since you begun it instead of the educator's portrayal of it.</p><p></p><p>When you find the opportunity to converse with understudies from around the nation, it's essential to concentrate on the one of a kind encounters that you've had as an individual from the class. You might be keen on utilizing this as a bouncing off point for examining the issues with a wide assortment of instructors, instead of concentrating only on one specific educator. While it might appear as though an exercise in futility to simply expound on one individual, consider the ramifications of getting contribution from understudies from everywhere throughout the country.</p><p></p><p>It's astonishing that it is so natural to talk about questionable subjects in a study hall condition. The things that truly drive a few people mad are just things that others discover hard to comprehend. That implies that it's vital to figur e out the real story when you're looking at whatever a few people may discover offensive.</p><p></p><p>Many incredible things are spoken about in class, however not many individuals truly set aside the effort to see precisely what the educator is attempting to instruct them. So as to address this issue, you can discover a great deal of thoughts and considerations for discussion on sites and announcement sheets around grounds. They regularly incorporate conversation sheets, so you can go directly into the contention and afterward get more data as you go along.</p>

Ibn Battuta Essay Topics

<h1>Ibn Battuta Essay Topics</h1><p>In composing your Master's Thesis you will need to think about Ibn Battuta article points. The Master's Thesis is a serious deal for your college thus you will need to invest some energy considering the subject for your postulation. You ought to likewise consider the distinctive exposition subjects for your Master's Thesis. Ibn Battuta exposition points are basic for every single alumni understudy and can truly assist you with getting some not too bad evaluations for your Master's Thesis.</p><p></p><p>A great article theme for the Master's Paper Topic is: 'The ethical ramifications of an antiquated society.' This subject probably won't appear much from the outset, yet it will assist you with your Master's Paper since you will discuss the estimations of an old society. It will likewise be a decent point since you will be attempting to make associations between the individuals of that time and today. By doing this you will have the option to respond to addresses that may be on the psyches of your readers.</p><p></p><p>A incredible point for your paper about economic wellbeing would be: 'Progress as a law based interest.' In this theme you will be taking a gander at the general public in which Ibn Battuta was brought up and how he considers human progress to be a majority rule interest. By doing this you will be attempting to look at human advancements and see where they differ.</p><p></p><p>A great theme for a Master's Thesis about environmental change would be: 'The connection between environmental change and laborer cultivating in West Africa.' The motivation behind why this is a decent point is on the grounds that it centers around the evolving atmosphere. Notwithstanding this it will permit you to analyze both the past and the eventual fate of environmental change in a progressively exact way.</p><p></p><p>The p oint for your theory about the connection among religion and science could be 'The means by which did science react to Islamic Spain?' for this situation you will inspect the strict perspectives on Islam and afterward contrasting that with science. You will likewise be taking a gander at the various commitments of Muslims researchers and afterward asking yourself the inquiry 'What does it mean for researchers to contemplate Islam?' The last piece of this proposition will incorporate analyzing how science changed because of Islamic Spain.</p><p></p><p>The most ideal approach to figure out which subject you ought to pick is to peruse the past Master's Thesis points and see what is inquired. You can likewise consider picking points that have been utilized previously however with a different take. There are numerous instances of these kinds of subjects.</p><p></p><p>The next thing you ought to do when you have chosen which point to expound on is to pick a theme from your coursework. Generally the best subjects originate from your coursework. In the event that you will pick a theme from your coursework, at that point you should search for a subject that has not been utilized along these lines. There are numerous extraordinary subjects out there that have not been utilized before.</p><p></p><p>The Master's Thesis is one of the most significant papers that your school will give you. The papers that you compose for this paper will assist you with getting into your degree program and will give you an incredible impression to future employers.</p>

A Helpful Guide For Your New School Essay Topic

<h1>A Helpful Guide For Your New School Essay Topic</h1><p>Many hopeful understudies get stressed when they see a natural TV show being referenced on expositions. They wonder why they are being compelled to expound on something they don't watch. In any case, getting a Truman Show article subject for your school paper isn't troublesome in any way, and there are some key focuses that you should take into consideration.</p><p></p><p>In specific, you might need to stay away from literary theft when you are attempting to put an exposition on an on the map appear. There are various techniques utilized by literary thieves to attempt to get around written falsification laws in the U.S. All in all, you have to have some involvement recorded as a hard copy your own scholarly papers before you can be certain you are following the right convention with regards to keeping away from plagiarism.</p><p></p><p>For your schoolwork task, you should initially settle on how you might want to move toward your exposition. On the off chance that you will follow the show's configuration of one scene for each week, at that point you would presumably need to incorporate the show's signature tune when the show is being talked about. You may likewise need to incorporate a portion of the show's well known statements, which are featured by the show's topic song.</p><p></p><p>When getting ready for the show, you will need to consider whether you might want to incorporate any of the show's experience melodies. The first melodic choices won't be accessible, however these will be accessible on DVD, and you might have the option to discover a portion of the old tracks on a portion of the new shows. It might likewise be conceivable to get more established variants of a portion of the show's mainstream tunes on CDs.</p><p></p><p>Another significant thing to consider is whether you might want to incorporate the show's signature tune when composing your paper. There isn't a lot of space for blunder when composing your paper, so you should ensure that your signature tune is incorporated. On the off chance that you need to pick between excluding the show's signature melody and utilizing an alternate tune, go for the last mentioned. Obviously, you might be worried about the way that your school may think you are attempting to make some other show look like your own. This is a legitimate concern, particularly in the event that you are not in any event, taking a class regarding the matter of this TV appear. In any case, since there are really a few schools the nation over that require their understudies to compose a Truman Show article, there is a genuine possibility that you could get a passing mark on this assignment.</p><p></p><p>There are some essential rules you can follow while getting your work done task on the show. In spite of the fact th at it can appear to be extremely simple from the start, you might need to begin your schoolwork task with a couple of thoughts regarding what the show is about before you begin building up your outline.</p>

Research Paper Topics on Supreme Court Cases

<h1>Research Paper Topics on Supreme Court Cases</h1><p>Have you constantly needed to compose an examination paper on the Supreme Court? Or then again is this theme you are either reluctant to handle or it is simply not something that is fitting for your subject matter? On the off chance that you fear what could occur in the event that you come up short, you ought to be.</p><p></p><p>When you are considering the law of the United States Supreme Court, there are a great deal of subjects to discuss. One of them would be 'the general population' versus 'private' issue. The overall population will have an enthusiasm for the cases that are chosen in public.</p><p></p><p>Then there is the private side of things. In certain occurrences, the offended party is suing somebody for a physical issue or an encroachment of their property rights. The media, particularly in the previous barely any years, has been condemning of these ca ses and it is something that you would need to know.</p><p></p><p>Then there is the 'open versus private' banter also, which can manage issues, for example, open debasement and low dollar measures of harms being granted to individuals who are harmed by alcoholic drivers. There are additionally situations where organizations have lost agreements since they were quarrelsome. There is some point of reference for this and the standards encompassing it are perplexing and hard to follow.</p><p></p><p>In expansion to these subjects, there are numerous others, for example, tort law, legal time limit, human services, sex separation, and numerous others. With these subjects, you would need to realize what might occur in some random case, isn't that so? Also, to the extent having the option to compose an exploration paper on the Supreme Court cases, well, this is actually what you have to know.</p><p></p><p>First you have to assemble the entirety of the data that you can about the cases. This should be possible either by perusing the law books or by basically heading off to the library and utilizing the internet.</p><p></p><p>Just recollect that the data that you will approach will assist you with traversing the subjects that you should find out about so as to compose an examination paper on the Supreme Court. What else might you be able to ask for?</p>

What You Should Do to Find Out About Research Paper Topics Regarding Religion Before Youre Left Behind

<h1> What You Should Do to Find Out About Research Paper Topics Regarding Religion Before You're Left Behind </h1> <p>It is conceivable to utilize techniques for artistic examination by assessing the class of a particular book to explain how it's been deciphered. A relative report, using various writings, is only one greater chance. As an author, you should be extra mindful so as to not pick a subject that is excessively broad, consequently explicitness is imperative. The authentic setting of a solitary record can assist you with understanding its particular topics. </p> <p>You can continue and gap the investigation into expressions to check at each angle acutely. In the event that the theme is excessively limited, you may think that its hard to get the proper writing. Contentious article themes are so significant since they are debatableand it's basic to consistently be basically considering our general surroundings. The expressed research subjects might be utilized among others to create intriguing examination papers.</p> <p>Religious considers, by examination, means to comprehend religion from a viewpoint that might be shared by all. Training researchers are ceaselessly advancing the way that they consider how we realize and what's educated. It is essential to ensure that your examination doesn't have any literary theft and such blunders as they could be used to punish you. Research papers are attempting, yet furthermore they have the ability to be to some degree fulfilling. </p> <p>The framework will permit you to arrange your work in that you're currently ready to comprehend where to make your presentation, substance, and end. When you get the brief, endeavor to address the scholarly configuration with the guide of various free web based composing guides. In the event that you despite everything feel you need assistance, regardless of whether you've figured out how to settle on a theme, you may consistently look for the administrations of a custom composing administration to help you produce a spectacular research paper of which you'll be pleased and will promise you a decent imprint. There are various research paper points and proposals for your thought. </p> <p>Writing an examination paper despite the fact that may seem testing is an extensive bit of ordinary understudy life. Contentious compositions is a specific sort of a paper. </p> <p>The cost of an exposition rides on the amount of exertion the essayist needs to apply. A factious exposition expects you to pick a theme and have a situation on it. You have an alternative to choose probably the best point for contentious article from our rundown! You should be sure to comprehend everything obviously once you go for an article theme. </p> <p>The previously mentioned subject choice may give you an exceptionally away from of what things to expound on. Foundation can be intricate dependent on how much research was done in the locale of your subject or related area. For certain understudies, an assortment of point is the most straightforward part. When picking your examination paper subject, you should make certain it is neither exhausting nor exhausted. </p> <p>There's notable that you won't can compose a superb keen research paper in case you're not intrigued by the subject in general and in the subject especially. You should uncover the perusers that you ace of the subject and not a befuddled beginner who doesn't comprehend what the person in question talking about. The rundown in no way, shape or form offers all the accessible points as there's a lot of inquiries which you can discover in any of the methodologies of brain science referenced, so have a significant figure what you'd love to compose on. Much the same as any exploration paper article, the most huge issue is to develop your point and paper with the hearty proof. </p> <p>Citations and concentrates from arranged sources must be organized appropriately. To create an exceptional paper, you ought to completely choose your point. There are examples when you're allocated with the subject yet more habitually, you'll need to make a theme all alone. </p> <p>Narrowing down to a specific component of a wide point enables you to focus on a solitary subject. In this way, the theme should be begging to be proven wrong! Frequently, the perfect subject is one which you really care about, however you likewise should get decidedly ready to look into it. The previously mentioned points should assist you with finding the subject that you're keen on, that is very identified with your program.</p>

Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About College Essay Immigrant Experience and How It Can Affect You

<h1> Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About College Essay Immigrant Experience and How It Can Affect You</h1> <p>Immigrants realize some inspiration as well, including aptitudes and experience required in a determination of American enterprises. Your folks must be very glad. </p> <p>It dazzled on me a sort of social capital which I knew could be used in the us. Universities distribute parts and a great deal of interesting sorts of things, any of which is useful for inquire about. </p> <p>Writing the school application article is a difficult gig. We have amassed a definitive manual for reading for the SAT to flexibly you with the complexities of the absolute best approaches to study.</p> <p>For occasion, we should investigate a theoretical article. Bridget's exposition is amazingly solid, yet there keep on being a couple easily overlooked details that could be improved. Stephen's paper is very powerful. </p> <p>Read on to discover progressively about approaches to utilize your experience as a settler for your confirmation exposition. By correlation, affirmation officials will review incredible papers in explicit points of interest. Roberts stresses that understudies tend to be excessively traditionalist with expositions and are scared to face challenges. The fabulous news for migrants is they may have the high ground when it has to do with composing an affirmation paper that is unique, exceptional, and intriguing the 3 characteristics that most entrance advisory boards look for. </p> <p>Second, that you'll be an incredible fit for the organization. Here I have to think about everything. Our modified research paper composing firm ensures your work will fulfill the best degrees of prerequisite. For example, you might need to discuss the difficulties of learning English and making other social adjustments to drive forward and keep on being effective in an absolutely new co ndition. </p> <h2>The Birth of College Essay Immigrant Experience </h2> <p>Coming from an incredibly conservative sanction center school, higher school was somewhat stunning. Confirmations officials positively aren't probably going to punish you if, for instance, you haven't had the chance to venture to every part of the Earth, or you were unable to stand to partake in some particular exercises. You may have found out around a couple of these in an English or composing class previously, and your English educator may be able to assist you with utilizing them. Universities care about the amounts of acknowledgments profoundly, so it may assist with understanding you're a slam dunk. </p> <p>It can allow us to identify with you as a genuine individual. A few people even become wiped out as a result of buckling down during the night and day. Each city has more than 1 school inside it. Discover a way to clarify why this specific school inside this specific city calls to you. </p> <h2> Who Else Wants to Learn About College Essay Immigrant Experience? </h2> <p>These days, it has 21,000 students. I didn't know I could never battle John again, however I wouldn't have minded. In our home, English isn't English. </p> <h2> College Essay Immigrant Experience Ideas </h2> <p>For model, say you truly need the chance to gain from the world-renowned Professor X. Envision yourself recounting to the account of all of these encounters to somebody who might want to become acquainted with you. The creator begins with a fairly complete story of an occasion or portrayal of an individual or spot. An extraordinary case of the manner by wh ich a gifted essayist can procure an ordinary point engaging'' was the general agreement. </p>

Tips For Writing A Rhetorical Analysis Essay

<h1>Tips For Writing A Rhetorical Analysis Essay</h1><p>Before you start composing an understudy composed political theory or history article, you might need to get familiar with certain tips for composing an explanatory investigation paper. This can be one of the most overwhelming assignments for some understudies since they are so amped up for composing their own article. The capacity to distinguish and break down the contentions of a contentious article is an expertise that numerous understudies who are perusing this can profit from.</p><p></p><p>As you may know, the utilization of expository examination in a political theory or history will significantly help your understudies' understanding of what is being introduced. The way toward examining the significance of a factious paper will make it simpler for understudies to get a handle on significant focuses that the creator is attempting to impart. You should recollect, in any case, that i n the event that you don't have the foggiest idea how to appropriately investigate a pugnacious paper, you won't have the option to adequately impart the importance of the contention or the end. On the off chance that you are confounded about how to effectively compose an investigation, you should begin by perusing an article that utilizes this style of essay.</p><p></p><p>The first tip for composing a logical examination exposition is to pick a paper that is all around built. This doesn't imply that the exposition is ineffectively composed, yet rather that it was very much organized and introduced in a fitting way. The peruser ought to have the option to rapidly figure out what is introduced as a contention, what realities are introduced and how the author is attempting to show the peruser why one position is better than another.</p><p></p><p>The second tip for composing an expository article is to ensure that the style utilized is pr oper for the topic. For instance, in political theory, the style ought to be clear and compact while as yet fascinating to the peruser. The structure of the paper will originate from how the contention is presented.</p><p></p><p>The third tip for composing a logical exposition is to ensure that the article is illustrative of the contention that is being introduced. To do this, you should have the option to see where the creator is coming to their meaningful conclusion and how they are conveying it. In the event that you can't comprehend the contention introduced in the article, at that point the exposition won't be a genuine portrayal of the argument.</p><p></p><p>The last tip for composing a logical paper is to remain on point and not stray excessively far from the theme. Essentially in light of the fact that an individual is a moderate and needs to paint the nonconformists as fanatics doesn't imply that they ought to incorporate soli d allegations of being extraordinary. The author ought to have the option to concentrate on the primary concerns of the argument.</p><p></p><p>When you have made a powerful contention, it is imperative to talk about the qualities and shortcomings of your contention. Rather than simply tending to the issue of the powerless contention, it is regularly useful to do a tad of research to check whether there is any genuine issue with the contention or if there is a sensible option in contrast to it. A great many people who present a convincing contention to the peruser are not simply passing on certain realities with no thinking behind them.</p><p></p><p>This can be one of the most scary assignments for most understudies since they are so amped up for composing their own paper. The capacity to distinguish and break down the contentions of a contentious exposition is an expertise that numerous understudies who are perusing this can profit fro m.</p>

Understanding Ap World History 2018 Long Essay 3 Student Samples

<h1> Understanding Ap World History 2018 Long Essay 3 Student Samples</h1> <p>These basic ideas may be essentially cut later on, however until further notice, you have 19 idea stuffed recommendations to cover in your instructional class. Financially, methods for exchanging was changed because of the introduction of silver to the world. At the point when you're an English instructor, there are such a large number of techniques to educate. Compose your thoughts consistently, and take care to remain on this issue. </p> <p>If you're a sound-related student, I would prompt the followingvideo, which separates all the parts you ought to get a seven. Knowing the character of this dull vitality is among the central puzzlers of crucial material science. Not simply you get the chance to get a prevalent evaluation, in the tiresome system, you additionally took in some new understanding. A fantastic instance of why you have to stay with the basic ideas is the point a t which you examine period 5, which covers 17501900. </p> <h2> What You Don't Know About Ap World History 2018 Long Essay 3 Student Samples</h2> <p>In rundown, as you have one moment for each question, it's a similarly straightforward undertaking to monitor your time. Consider the snappy answer as an opportunity for you to accomplish a greater amount of the authentic reasoning work which you have arranged to do. Watch this discussion clasping hands with someone you love. In case you're ready to do those 3 things, you will be well headed to full credit for each short answer question. </p> <h2> What You Need to Know About Ap World History 2018 Long Essay 3 Student Samples</h2> <p>It's conceivable to begin composing at whatever point you want. All you will require is what's required. You can discover more prep tips in my own article on the most ideal approach to create a DBQ. You should deal with perceiving what comprises authentic settin g dependent on the AP. </p> <p>Textbooks are as much risk since they are an advantage. In case you're stuck in conditions this way, you should get acquainted with DBQ before your tests will happen. The TOEFL Test is as of now predominately an iBT, despite the fact that the paper-based may keep on being accessible in certain areas. </p> <p>If understudies work on working with these four instruments to open writings, they will be ready to break down any content later on. By methods for examination, the extent of upgrade things on the current test is twenty to twenty-five percent. Members are mentioned to bring their PC, and a copy of their study hall content. Also, they will take a shot at a course plan that will assist them with choosing how they will show the aptitudes and substance of the AP Calculus AB courses. </p> <p>This 1 sentence gives perusers a plenty of data. Put on the grounds that numerous passages since this will assist with appearing well and good for your brief. While the facts demonstrate that each section should remain concentrated on a solitary idea, the passage is additionally a solitary piece of a total contention. Each passage must have a point sentence. </p> <p>Following that, your postulation is done and you may move straight into the absolute first body passage. Much the same as the Reading area, the talks will focus on something to do with the scholarly world, however the test-taker doesn't require an earlier comprehension of the material so as to get the right answer. The body of the paper is any place your contention is really made and where you will utilize proof legitimately. A few people much of the time have issues drafting plots, particularly concerning paper traces. </p> <h2> Using Ap World History 2018 Long Essay 3 Student Samples </h2> <p>You won't be made to push ahead from 1 article to the next, so make a point to spending plan your time cautiously. Here are several the primary prep methodologies for AP World History. Numerous AP subjects can seem outlandish because of their broadness and profundity, however AP World History may appear to be particularly unimaginable attributable to its core i nterest. Additionally examine her audit of the perfect AP US History textbooks!</p> <p>It's anything but difficult to see how those focal points would create the test difficult to normalize and dependably survey. Last, I've given a few hints on how best to best utilize test expositions in your arrangement approach. Probably the best thing you can do so as to be certain you're set up to take the Praxis composing test is to work on composing papers. Step through examinations and articles with understudies as every now and again as possible. </p> <p>This schedule year, I'm a piece of a council to manage these issues, notwithstanding other race-related worries in the school on the loose. The exact rules change from school to school, and they as often as possible vary from office to office in a school. There's no cutoff time for entry level positions in various offices or for various periods of the year. Clarify whether you trust it's imperative to instructors to keep being educated regarding recent developments. </p> <p>The test prompts are conversations related with the Progressive Era in america of America. At McCormick, I'll have the option to partake in ventures my absolute first schedule year, which will offer important hands-on understanding. The Women's Rights Movement was among the developments that picked up energy at this time. </p>

Should Congress Raise The Minimum Wage - 721 Words

Kyle Ting Prof. John Somers Econ 201 10 February 2017 Article Summary 1 Should Congress Raise the Minimum Wage Many states, including Oregon, has been considering a raise in the minimum wage. A raise of the minimum wage can cause job cuts or raise in product prices, but a rising number of economist have come to the conclusion that there is quite a considerable room of raise that cities can do without affecting the unemployment rate. Raising the minimum wage can ease the lives of many people. It can even cause an economic stimulus, where people would have an increase in consumer surplus, causing them to spend it on things that they wouldn’t naturally spend on if they didn’t have any type of monetary surplus. This can cause the economy to†¦show more content†¦It is very important to look beyond the workers that will be affected directly by raise of the minimum wage. Instead, look how it affects every single group in the work force. Rise and Fall of Oil Prices Oil is the product that each and every one of us use. It can be used for fuel, heating and even cooking. The most often known for unstable price is crude oil or gasoline. According to the The Economist, The main reason for price shifts of oil is oversupply. The oil production in Saudi rose 10.3 million barrels per day. This increase is the effect of a new method that I being applied to oil extraction. This method is called fracking, fracking is where they drill into tight-rock formations then gradually turning horizontal for several thousand feet more. This results to accommodations to multiple oil wells. This new approved method of oil harvesting has raised the productivity gains and reduced the cost of harvesting oil. The reason of the fall in oil prices are the constant change of demand. The need for the oil is actually stagnant. Crude oil is becoming a product of the past. Today, you can harvest energy from solar, wind, water, heat, and waves. Accordin g to The Economist, â€Å"The use of fossil fuels in the rich world is mostly falling. Emerging economies are not currently taking up the slack†. Demand for energy is intertwined with our economic activity. Prices spike in the winter in the northernShow MoreRelatedCongress Should Raise The Federal Minimum Wage1042 Words   |  5 PagesMany Americans agree that Congress should raise the federal minimum wage, but do individuals truly know the effects of increasing the minimum wage to $15? Some people only look at the comprehensive view of seeking a higher salary, but the increase can cause many negative, as well as positive, effects. Several economists from across the country have done extensive research over the topic of the minimum wage increase, and many differing opinions have formed. The effects can vary from person to personRead MoreEssay Should Congress Raise Minimum Wage?614 Words   |  3 PagesShould Congress Raise Minimum Wage? As our federal government debates the idea to raise the minimum wage, there are several interesting questions that occur. Most importantly, should we raise the minimum wage? I believe it is a bad idea to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 per hour up to $10.10 or more in a short period of time. I will explain why raising minimum wage radically would kill jobs and hurt our economy. The main reason raising the minimum wage radically would kill the economy is theRead MoreFederal Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1180 Words   |  5 Pagesto come to conclusions that the federal minimum wage is excessively low. The government can stand to help people gain more money, resulting in a less poverty-stricken country. The cost of living or gaining has increased significantly over the past twenty years, and the minimum wage, for most isn t enough for them to support themselves. There have been efforts to increase the federal minimum wage, but none has succeeded in getting approved. Minimum wages are too low for a human, to provide forRead MoreCongress As Part Of The Fair Labor Standards Act1084 Words   |  5 PagesCongress as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) instituted minimum wage back in 1938. The first minimum wage was at $0.25 per hour and the last minimum wage increase occurred in 2007. Over the past 65 years the minimum wage has varied considerably in inflation-adjusted buying power. It has averaged $6.60 an hour in purchasing power in 2013 dollars, but it has ranged from a low of $3.09 an hour in late 1948 to a high of $8.67 an hour in 1968. Today’s minimum wage buys somewhat more than theRead MoreWhy we should raise the minimum wage1202 Words   |  5 Pagesworked on minimum wages are struggling to live on a salary that is below the poverty threshold. In 2012, the U.S census posted that in a family of three; their income is 18,552, (U.S Census). In most case, one member of the family is working on a minimum wage salary which is below 18,552, (U.S. Dept. of Labor). It has been almost a five years since congress has raised the minimum wage (Huff Post). Throughout my argument, I will share my thoughts as wells as facts on why congress should agree to raiseRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Should be Raised1371 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wages go all the way back to 1938, during the great depression, when the stock market crash and bank loan were failing. Families need income of some type, were they wanted to make it fair were individual could get pay the same without a college degree. I am going to start off with a little about minimum wages history and how this could help our Economic. In 1892 Federal Government adopt an 8 hour workday and other wages standard for employee. In 1903 Congress create the U.S. DepartmentRead MoreMinimum Wage Persuasive Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagesmore than the federal minimum wage? If you said yes then perhaps you are unaware of the many negative effects surrounding a higher minimum wage and after reading this you will be educated on why the minimum wage should not be raised. In the beginning, the minimum wage was created with good intentions. It was originally established in 1938 and was $.25 an hour (Sessions). It was created to make sure that businesses would not take advantage over workers. While the minimum wage was and still is a goodRead MoreThe Debate Over Minimum Wage940 Words   |  4 Pages The debate on raising the minimum wage has been discussed in detail in Congress for the past eighteen months. But as of late, writer William Finnegan suggests, it is â€Å"among the many urgent issues that it [Congress] certainly won’t address.† Though this issue is important, Congress seems to be putting off making any real decision in regards to raising the minimum wage. The bill to raise minimum wage from $7.25 per hour to $10.10 and hour over a two year period had been thrown around for monthsRead MoreMinimum Wage and Its Implications763 Words   |  3 PagesMinimum wage affects everyone. The current minimum wage is at $7.25 and President Obama announced that he wished to see a change in the minimum wage, he wants to raise the hourly wage to $10.10. A rise in the income of those who are employed will also raise the cost of hiring unskilled labor and can potentially reduce the number of people hired by businesses. Also, if minimum wage is raised then the price of the products that the companies are making might increase which will continue the cycle ofRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn United States, we hear the government, businesses argued about minimum wage. Whether it should be raised or leave it the way it is. But, what exactly is minimum wages? Minimum wage is the least amount of money per hour that must be paid to a worker after surrounding a service according to the law. Many working class families’ lives depend on this minimum wages. There are few families who make less than $15000 a year who feed their families on this salary and still pay bills from it. Over the past

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - 1862 Words

Topic: The Role Equine Assisted Therapy in the healing process of individuals diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Several people are impacted by Post Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD) every year. There are various types of therapies that are used to aid in the recovery of PTSD. An emerging field of Therapy is Animal Assisted Therapy or Learning (EAT/L). This literature review is going to look at the role of a particular type of Animal Assisted Therapy which involves horses as therapeutic aids. Equine assisted therapy has various conceptual models and factors that can have great positive impacts on Individuals diagnosed with PTSD. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that some people develop after seeing†¦show more content†¦Many animals are used for therapy in various different settings. Horse riding was first used in the fifth centaury for the rehabilitation of wounded soldiers. Also to help patients or individuals adjust, horses for example, are used outdoors dogs may be used indoors. The Delta Society defines Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) as â€Å"a goal-directed intervention in which an animal that meets specific criteria is an integral part of the treatment process.† Horses have been used as therapeutic aids in many different ways and forms. Equine Assisted Psychotherapy (EAP) is one of the types of Animal Assisted Therapy used to rehabilitate individuals with Physical and mental disorders. Specifically, Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) is a planned treatment using the horse as an integral part of the psychotherapy process (Lentini Knox, 2009). In EFP, ther apists work with horses with different styles and using various theories. Esbjorn (Lentini Knox, 2009) reviewed the construct and found that there was a wide variety in the way therapists conceptualized EFP. Though the concepts of EFP or EAT are mostly similar, the methods of implying them vary from therapist to therapist. Each one has an individual style of the implementation of EAT. The different kinds of activities used in EAT may be ‘un-mounted activities such as herding and leading, non-traditional mountedShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. 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What Are the Preoccupations of Heaneys Poetry Essay Example For Students

What Are the Preoccupations of Heaneys Poetry Essay The Poem Digging deals with Heaneys relationship with his family. An Advancement of Learning deals with Heaneys childhood and his fears when he was young and now that he is older how he overcomes those fears. In his poem Digging Heaney is deciding on how he will use his poetry and its relevance to the work of his father and grandfather. He writes about his fathers job digging for potatoes and his prowess with a shovel, The course boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly, he makes the action of his father digging for potatoes sound professional rather than just a haphazard way of shoving a shovel into the ground. He reflects on the pride he has for his grandfather and how he takes pride in the fact that his grandfather cut more turf in a day than any other man on Toners bog. He also takes pride when he takes milk out to him while he is working because he believes that he is helping his grandfather work, Once I carried him milk in a bottle corked sloppily with paper. Towards the end of his poem he realises that as times change and so must his family that he can no longer dig for potatoes because times have changed, but Ive no spade to follow men like them, instead he decides to dig with his poetry that he will dig into his familys and his own past with his poetry, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests I will dig with it. In An Advancement of Learning, Heaney tells us of his fear for rats and how they would terrorise him as a child behind the chicken coop and on the ceiling boards above his bed, When his grey brothers scraped and fed behind the hen coop in our yard, on ceiling boards above my bed. However Heaney has to confront his fears when he walks along the riverbank and gets flanked by two rats, he has no escape so must confront his childhood fears. He begins to stare out the rat and realises that it is nothing to be feared that it is a feeble creature and that when it finally runs up a sewage outlet, This terror, wet-furred, small-clawed, retreated up a pipe for sewage. In Digging he makes his first important decision as a poet; how he will use his writing. At the beginning of the poem he reflects on the strength of poetry and how it can be used, he does this by referring to his pen having the power of a gun, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests; snug as a gun. This is similar to the old saying that the pen is mightier than the sword, Heaney realises the power of writing and that if not used correctly it can be dangerous. He then talks about his family and how his father and grandfather dug for potatoes. By talking about his father and how he would dig he decides to carry on the legacy but in a different form of digging he will dig through his own and his familys past using his poetry, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests. Ill dig with it. Many of Heaneys poems are set in the countryside and neither of these are exceptions. In An Advancement of Learning Heaney walks by the river and describes it as being quite menacing, he gives it human features such as a skin and clothes to heighten the feeling of fear, The river nosed past, pliable, oil-skinned, wearing a transfer of gables and sky. he describes the swans as being dirty. This all shows his awareness of his surroundings and nature. .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda , .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .postImageUrl , .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda , .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:hover , .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:visited , .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:active { border:0!important; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:active , .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5713dd793fe73adb2312025d3f5e2fda:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women in Hamlet EssayFor Digging he tells us of the methods his father and grandfather used to dig for potatoes and how he helped look for them in the mud, how he loved to feel their cool hardness in his hands as a young boy. He describes the smell of the surroundings and the feeling when he walked over the peat, these are all his feelings in his rural surroundings as a boy, The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap of soggy peat, the curt cuts of an edge through living roots awaken in my head. Heaney brings up memories of his past and his childhood in each poem. In Digging he tells of the time he brought milk to his grandfather while he was working and the pride he felt because he thought he was helping out, Once I carried him milk in a bottle corked sloppily with paper. In An Advancement of Learning he reflects on the fear the rat invokes in him and the memories of them terrorising him as a young boy, When his grey brothers scraped and fed behind the hen coop in our yard, on ceiling boards above my bed. Throughout his poetry Heaney uses vivid language to describe his surroundings, he also uses language to help him accentuate feelings. In An Advancement of Learning he heightens the fear of the surroundings by making everything dark and gloomy I considered the dirty keeled swans. When the rat turns up he makes things feel grimy and disgusting by using language, his language also helps him justify his fear of rats, Smudging the silence: a rat slimed out of the water. He also makes the rat seem like a monster by using language in his specific way and he also makes up his own with the word knobbled, He clock worked aimlessly a while, stopped, back bunched and glistening, ears plastered down on his knobbled skull, insidiously listening. To create fear Heaney personifies the river by giving in human features such as skin and clothes as well as the way it moves, The river nosed paste, pliable, oil skinned, wearing a transfer of gables and sky. In Digging Heaney describes the way his father uses a spade. Using certain words made his father sound as if he had expertise with a shovel, as if it was a natural task to him, The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly. In both Digging and An Advancement of Learning the structure runs full circle, with Heaney starting with a problem then ending with resolving of that problem. In Digging it is shown best. He starts off with the problem of how he will use his poetry and ends with the problem solved, this cyclical pattern is seen best in this poem because he says almost the same line at the end as he does at the beginning, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests; at the beginning and at the end, Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests. Ill dig with it In An Advancement of Learning Heaney begins with his fear of a particular route because a possible encounter with a rat and ends with his fear resolved, this can be seen at the beginning of the poem when it says that he always deferred from the bridge because of his fear and then at the end he crosses it, I took the embankment path (as always deferring the bridge) and Then I walked on and crossed the bridge. In both poems he uses informal, colloquial phrases to give his own feeling to the situation and make it feel more genuine, I turned down the path in a cold sweat, but God, another was nimbling up the far bank from An Advancement of Learning. By God the old man could handle a spade from Digging. .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 , .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .postImageUrl , .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 , .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:hover , .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:visited , .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:active { border:0!important; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:active , .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8 .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubacfde15a8804c2890f08dd9f251c5c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Commentary on Adrian Henri's Tonight at Noon EssayIn his poems he uses the structure of his stanzas to show feelings and make the reader become more involved. In Digging he uses this quite a bit, to start with he uses almost the same line at the beginning of the poem as he does at the end to emphasise the cyclical pattern of the poem. He uses the formation of stanzas again to involve the reader, in the second stanza he says that he looks down as we (the reader) look down to the next stanza. This helps involve the reader more so that you are part of the poetry. The stanza itself is set up like an informal conversation to help him emphasise his feelings by making the poem mo re personal just like he uses the colloquial phrases. Heaney uses many poetic devices throughout each poem to give them a better feel and help him emphasise points throughout both poems. In Digging he uses many onomatopoeias to help the reader get more involved in the scene with the sounds of his father digging, A clean rasping sound as the spade sinks into gravely ground and The squelch and slap of soggy peat these are all words that sound like the actual action. He does the same in An Advancement of Learning to heighten his fear for the rats, something slobbered curtly, close, A rat slimed out of the water and Back bunched and glistening. Heaney also uses alliteration in his poems to give the scene a better feeling. In Digging, When the spade sinks into gravely ground and The curt cuts of an edge. He also uses it in An Advancement of Learning, The tapered tail that followed him. An Advancement of Learning in itself is a metaphor for facing his childhood fears the rats are as well as being an actual fear are an embodiment of his fears and when at the end of the poem he crosses the bridge he crosses over his fear and begins a new path free of his fears.

Audio Mastering free essay sample

I have. Its more exhilarating than any theme park ride. Every corner is carefully calculated. Every tap on the brake is just enough to make it around the curve without going off the road. Such great power requires great responsibility, and the same is true for owners of the Finalizer. Now youre the driver, you can do an audio wheelie any time you want. You can take every musical curve at 100 mph. but ask yourself: is this the right thing for my music? This booklet is about both audio philosophy and technology. A good engineer must be musical. Knowing whats right for the music is an essential part of the mastering process. Mastering is a fine craft learned over years of practice, study and careful listening. I hope that this booklet will help you on that journey. Bob Katz 6 GETTING STARTED Mastering vs. Mixing Mastering requires an entirely different head than mixing. I once had an assistant who was a great mix engineer and who wanted to get into mastering. So I left her alone to equalize a rock album. After three hours, she was still working on the snare drum, which didnt have enough crack! But as soon as I walked in the room, I could hear something was wrong with the vocal. Which brings us to the first principle of mastering: Every action affects everything. Even touching the low bass affects the perception of the extreme highs. Mastering is the art of compromise; knowing whats possible and impossible, and making decisions about whats most important in the music. When you work on the bass drum, youll affect the bass for sure, sometimes for the better, sometimes worse. If the bass drum is light, you may be able to fix it by getting under the bass at somewhere under 60 Hz, with careful, selective equalization. You may be able to counteract a problem in the bass instrument by dipping around 80, 90, 100; but this can affect the low end of the vocal or the piano or the guitar be on the lookout for such interactions. Sometimes you cant tell if a problem can be fixed until you try; dont promise your client miracles. Experience is the best teacher. Think Holistically Before mastering, listen carefully to the performance, the message of the music. In many music genres, the vocals message is most important. In other styles, its the rhythm, in some its intended distortion, and so on. With rhythmic music, ask yourself, what can I do to make this music more exciting? With ballads, ask is this music about intimacy, space, depth, emotion, charisma, or all of the above? Ask, How can I help this music to communicate better to the audience? Always start by learning the emotion and the message of the clients music. After that, you can break it down into details such as the high frequencies, or the low frequencies, but relate your decisions to the intended message of the music. Some clients send a pseudo-mastered demonstration CD illustrating their goals. Even if you dont like the sound on their reference, or you think you can do better, carefully study the virtues of what theyve been listening to. During your mastering, refer back to the original mix; make sure you havent fixed what wasnt broken in the first place. There is no one-size-fitsall setting, and each song should be approached from scratch. In other words, when switching to a new song, bypass all processors, and listen to the new song in its naked glory to confirm it needs to be taken in the same or different direction than the previous number. Likewise, as you gain experience, you may want to ? tweak? he presets in your equipment. Presets are designed to make suggestions and provide good starting points, but they are not one-size-fits-all and should be adjusted according to the program material and your personal taste. The Wizard function of the TC dynamics processors may be a better way of establishing a starting point than a static preset. Listen carefully to the results of the Wizard and study what it has done and how, then, let your ears be the final musical judge. When you ask your spouse to turn the TV down a touch do you mean only 1 dB? 7 YOUR ROOM YOUR MONITORS Very few recording studios are suitable for mastering. For optimal mastering, use a different room than your recording studio or room. The typical recording control room has noisy fans, a large console and acoustic obstacles that interfere with evaluation of sound. With few exceptions, you wont find near-field monitors in a professional mastering room. No little speakers, cheap speakers, alternative monitors. Instead, theres a single set of high quality loudspeakers. The loudspeaker-room interface in a mastering room is highly refined, and the mastering engineer tuned into their sound, so that he/she knows how the sound will translate over a wide variety of systems. Whats wrong with near-field monitors? Near-field monitoring was devised to overcome the interference of poor control-room acoustics, but its far from perfect. In many control rooms, with large consoles and rack gear, the sound from the ideal big speakers bounces from these surfaces, producing inferior quality. Reflections from the back of the console are often neglected. Even with absorptive treatment, you cant defeat the laws of physics; some wavelengths are going to reflect. But near-field monitors mounted on console meter bridges are not necessarily cures. Nearby surfaces, especially the console itself, cause comb filtering, peaks and dips in frequency response. The mix engineer may try to compensate for problems which are really caused by monitoring acoustics; resulting in recordings with boomy or weak bass, peaks or dips (suckouts) in the midrange, thumpy bass drums, and so on. Sound travels over more than one path from the loudspeaker to your ears the direct path, and one or more reflected paths, especially the bounce off the console. That reflected path is so problematic that its almost impossible to locate nearfield monitors without breaking a fundamental acoustic rule: The length of the reflected signal path to the ears should be at least 2 to 3 times the direct signal path. Very few near-field monitors pass the bandwidth and compression test. Almost none have sufficient low frequency response to judge bass and subsonic problems, and very few can tolerate the instantaneous transients and power levels of music without monitor compression. If your monitors are already compressing, how can you judge your own use of compression? Near-field monitoring also exaggerates the amount of reverberation and left-right separation in a recording. Clients are often surprised to learn their singer has far less reverb than they had thought, and the sound less stereophonic when they hear the recording played with more-normal monitoring. Yes, the best mix engineers have learned how to work with near-field monitors and mentally compensate for their weaknesses, but these same mix engineers know better than to master in that environment. Theres no excuse for monitor weakness in a mastering room. Subwoofers Subwoofers, or prime loudspeakers with infrasonic response, are essential for a good mastering studio. Vocal P pops, subway rumble, microphone vibrations, and other distortions will be missed without subwoofers, not just the lowest notes of the bass. Proper subwoofer setup requires knowledge and specialized equipment. Ive been in too many studios where the subs are inaccurately adjusted, usually too hot, in a vain attempt to impress the client. But the results wont translate when the subs are incorrectly adjusted. Room Acoustics Whether your loudspeakers are mounted in soffits, or in free space, a properly designed room must have no interfering surfaces between the loudspeakers and your ears. Secondary reflections will be carefully controlled, and the dimensions of the room and solidity of the walls defined. A good mastering room should be at least 20 feet long, preferably 30 feet, and the monitors, if not in soffits, anchored to the floor, and placed several feet from walls and corners. Theres obviously a lot more to this part of the story, but the bottom line is to get an acoustic consultant unless you really know what youre doing. Monitor Translation Mastering engineers have long ago learned that the widest-range, most accurate loudspeakers translate to the widest variety of alternate playback systems. If you follow all of the above in your mastering room, your masters will translate to the majority of systems out there. Good mastering engineers hit the mark the first time, better than 7 times out of 10. Monitoring Levels and Fletcher-Munson There is a scientific reason for not monitoring too loudly. The Fletcher-Munson equal loudness contours reveal that the human ear does not have a linear response to bass energy. The louder you monitor, you can be fooled into thinking a program has more bass energy. Thus it is extremely important to monitor at approximately the same level as the ultimate listener to your recording. No matter how good your monitors, if you turn them up too far, then you will put too little bass into the program, and vice versa. When you go to a concert, do you identify an 80 Hz resonance under the third balcony? 8 METERING Truth in Metering 1999 marks the 60th anniversary of the VU Meter standard, yet many people still dont know how to read a VU! Despite all its defects, the VU meter has survived because it works. The VU meter, with its 300 millisecond averaging time constant, is closer to the loudness-sensing of the human ear, while sample accurate peak-reading meters tell you nothing except whether the capabilities of the digital medium are being exceeded. Two different programs, both reaching 0 dBFS on the peak meter, can sound 10 dB (or more) apart in loudness! This makes an averaging meter an essential supplement to the mastering engineer? s ears. Some meters have dual scales, displaying both average and peak. While mixing or mastering, use the average meter and glance at the peak meter. For popular music mastering, heres a conservative calibration setting that will help to produce masters in a similar ballpark to the best-sounding CDs ever made: With sine wave tone at -14 dBFS, adjust the averaging meter to read ZERO. If the averaging meter reaches 0 on typical musical peaks, and occasionally +3 or +4 on extreme sustained peaks, youre probably right in the ballpark. Every decibel of increased average level means that considerably more than 1 dB additional compression has been applied; which might or might not be the perfect thing for your kind of music. Listen and decide. The Ear Is The Final Judge Wide dynamic range material, such as classical music, folk music, some jazz and other styles are often mastered without any dynamics processing at all. In such cases, you may find the averaging meter reading well below 0. This is probably not a problem as long as the music sounds proper to the ears. Some mastering engineers working with wide-range music recalibrate their averaging meters to -20 dBFS = 0 VU, or else recognize that the averaging meter may read well below 0 VU with such music. Also realize that meters are generally not frequency-sensitive, but the human ear judges loudness by frequency distribution as well as level. Thus, two different programs reaching 0 VU (average) may have different loudness. Quasi-Peak Meters and Judgment of Quality The ear is the final arbiter of quality, but meters can help. The VU helps demonstrate if average levels are too hot, but as Ive described, it requires interpretation. An objective measure of quality is to measure transient loss to see if audible peaks are reduced. The ear has a certain rise time; we probably cant hear the difference between a 10 millisecond transient and a 10 microsecond transient. The digital Peak Program Meter is too fast; it measures inaudible (short duration) peaks as well as audible ones. A popular meter for detecting audible peaks is a quasi-peak meter, or analog PPM, defined by an EBU standard. Its usually made with analog circuitry, but can also be constructed with digital circuits. This meters 10 millisecond integration time is much slower than the 22 microseconds of the sample-accurate digital PPM. Short overloads, or short bursts of limiting can be inaudible, as long as the level on the quasi-peak meter does not drop. Peaks shorter than about 10 ms can usually be limited without audible penalty. Wide range program material with a true peak to average ratio of 18 to 20 dB can be transparently reduced to about 14 dB. Thats one of the reasons 30 IPS analog tape is desirable, as it performs this job very well. The Finalizer can also do this job, with the aid of a quasi-peak meter to verify the audible peak level is not coming down, and/or the VU meter to see if a 14 dB peak/average level is obtained. A rule of thumb is that short duration transients of unprocessed digital sources can be transparently reduced by 4 to 6 dB; however, this cannot be done with analog tape sources, which already have removed the short duration transients. Any further transient reduction (e. g. , compression/limiting) will not be transparent but may still be esthetically acceptable or even desirable. Over Counters and Increased Level 0 dBFS (FS=full scale) is the highest level that can be encoded. Most mastering engineers have discovered that you can often hit 0 dBFS on a digital PPM without hearing any distortion. In fact, a single peak to 0 dBFS is not defined as an over level. Over levels are measured with over counters. Conventional wisdom says that if three samples in a row reach 0 dBFS, then an overload must have occurred somewhere between the first and third sample. In an A/D converter, even if the source analog voltage exceeds 0 dBFS, the end result is a straight line at 0 dBFS. However, the ear forgives certain overloads. Note that a 3 to 6 sample over will often be inaudible with drums or percussion, but the ears may hear distortion with only a 1-sample over with piano material. The original Sony digital meter established the standard of 3 contiguous samples equals an over, but has a dip switch to indicate 1-sample overs. Some engineers conservatively use the 1-sample standard, but Ive had no problems with a set of good ears and a 3-sample over counter. You can often raise gain by 2 or more dB without having to limit or compress, when you trust the over counter and your ears, instead of a digital PPM. 9 DYNAMICS PROCESSING Dynamics Processing Both compression and limiting change the peak to average ratio of music, and both tools reduce dynamic range. Compression Compression changes sound much more than limiting. Think of compression as a tool to change the inner dynamics of music. While reducing dynamic range, it can beef up or punch low level and mid-level passages to make a stronger musical message. Limiting Limiting is an interesting tool. With fast enough attack time (1 or 2 samples), and fairly fast release (1 to 3 milliseconds), even several dB of limiting can be transparent to the ear. Consider limiting when you want to raise the apparent loudness of material without severely affecting its sound; consider compression when the material seems to lack punch or strength. Remember, the position of your monitor volume control has a tremendous effect on these matters of judgment. If it sounds properly punchy when you turn up the monitor, then maybe all you need is to turn up the volume rather than add another DSP process! If the music sounds adequately punchy, yet high levels are not approaching ZERO (reference -14 dBFS) on a VU meter, then consider limiting to raise the average level without significantly changing the sound. Equal-Loudness Comparisons Since loudness has such an effect on judgment, it is very important to make comparisons at equal apparent loudness. The processed version may seem to sound better only because it is louder. Thats what makes the Finalizers unique matched compare system so important. Adjust the gain so that there is no apparent change in loudness when the processing is bypassed. This puts everything on a level playing field. You may be surprised to discover that the processing is making the sound worse, and it was all an illusion of loudness. If the sound quality is about the same, then you have to decide if you really need the loudness gain. Dont join the loudness race (which has no winners); make an informed, not arbitrary, decision. To judge the absolute loudness of the Finalizer, you need average metering, and a calibrated monitor. See the appendix for references on calibrated monitor and metering systems. Manipulating Dynamics: Creating the Impact of Music Consider this rhythmic passage, representing a piece of modern pop music: shooby dooby doo WOP shooby dooby doo WOP shooby dooby doo WOP The accent point in this rhythm comes on the backbeat (WOP), often a snare drum hit. If you strongly compress this music piece, it might change to: SHOOBY DOOBY DOO WOP SHOOBY DOOBY DOO WOP SHOOBY DOOBY DOO WOP This completely removes the accent feel from the music, which is probably counterproductive. A light amount of compression might accomplish this shooby dooby doo WOP shooby dooby doo WOP shooby dooby doo WOP which could be just what the doctor ordered for this music. Strengthening the subaccents may give the music even more interest. But just like the TV weatherperson who puts an accent on the wrong syllable because theyve been taught to punch every sentence (The weather FOR tomorrow will be cloudy), its wrong to go against the natural dynamics of music. Unless youre trying for a special effect, and purposely creating an abstract composition. Much of hip hop music, for example, is intentionally abstract. anything goes, including any resemblance to the natural attacks and decays of musical instruments. Back to Shooby doo. This kind of manipulation can only be accomplished with careful adjustment of thresholds, compressor attack and release times. If the attack time is too short, the snare drums initial transient could be softened, losing the main accent and defeating the whole purpose of the compression. If the release time is too long, then the compressor wont recover fast enough from the gain reduction of the main accent to bring up the subaccent. If the release time is too fast, the sound will begin to distort. If the combination of attack and release time is not ideal for the rhythm of the music, the sound will be squashed, louder than the source, but wimpy loud instead of punchy loud. Its a delicate process, requiring time, experience, skill, and an excellent monitor system. 10 DYNAMICS PROCESSING Heres a trick for compressor adjustment: Find the approximate threshold irst, with a fairly high ratio and fast release time. Make sure the gain reduction meter bounces as the syllables you want to affect pass by. Then reduce the ratio to very low and put the release time to about 250 ms to start. From then on, its a matter of fine tuning attack, release and ratio, with possibly a readjustment of the threshold. The object is to put the threshold in between the lower and higher dynamics , so there is a constant alternation between high and low (or no) compression with the music. Too low a threshold will defeat the purpose, which is to differentiate the syllables of the music. Note! With too low a threshold and too high a ratio EVERYTHING WILL BE BROUGHT UP TO A CONSTANT LEVEL. Multiband processing can help in this process Transients (percussive sounds) contain more high frequency energy than continuous sounds. By using gentler compression or no compression at high frequencies (e. g. , higher threshold, lower ratio), you can let the transients through while still punching the sustain of the subaccents or the continuous sounds. Practice by listening to the impact of the percussion as you change compressor attack times. With care, you can have punch and impact, too. But with overcompression, or improperly-adjusted compression, you may get the punch, but lose the transient impact. Most music needs a little of both. Multiband compression also permits you to bring out certain elements that appear to be weak in the mix, such as the bass or bass drum, the vocal or guitars, or the snare, literally changing the mix. Learn to identify the frequency ranges of music so you can choose the best crossover frequencies. Compression, Stereo Image, and Depth Compression brings up the inner voices in musical material. Instruments that were in the back of the ensemble are brought forward, and the ambience, depth, width, and space are degraded. But not every instrument should be up front. Pay attention to these effects when you compare processed vs. unprocessed. Variety is the spice of life. Make sure your cure isnt worse than the disease. SEQUENCING Relative Levels, Loudness, and Normalization Sequencing an album requires adjustment of the levels of each tune. Weve seen that the ear judges loudness by the average, not peak levels of the music. Weve also seen that ompression and limiting change the loudness of the music by changing the peak to average ratio. Normalization is the process of finding the highest peak, and raising the gain until it reaches 0 dBFS. But do not use normalization to adjust the relative loudness of tunes, or you will end up with nonsense. The ear is the final arbiter of relative loudness of tunes. But the ear can be fooled, its better at making relative than absolute judgmen ts. Weve all had the experience of mixing at night, and returning in the morning to find everything sounds much louder! So dont make your judgments by needle drops play the end of each tune going into the beginning of the next. Its the only way. Do you know when the musicians are out of tune ? At the ballet, do you notice the music first, before the dancers? 11 RECIPE FOR RADIO SUCCESS The Myth of Radio-Ready Advertisements are created by marketing people, whose goal is to sell products, and often use ambiguous terms. The most ambiguous of those terms is radio ready. Be an aware consumer. Radio is the great leveler. It will take songs that sound very soft and unpunchy, and bring them up to compete with the hottest recordings; it will take songs that are extremely hot and processed, and squash them down in a very unpleasant manner. In other words, mastering with overzealous dynamics processing can actually make a record sound bad on the radio, or at least, not as good as properly-prepared competition. I discovered this fact at least 12 years ago, when I found that my audiophile recordings made with absolutely no compression or limiting were competing very well on the radio against heavily-processed recordings! Radio engineers will confirm this fact: Almost no special preparation is required to make a recording radio ready. The Music Always Comes First 1 Write a great original song, use fabulous singers, and wonderful arrangements. Be innovative, not too imitative (if you can get past the format censors, your innovative music will attract attention). 2 Sparse, light arrangements often work better than dense, complex ones, because the dynamics processing on the radio can turn dense arrangements into mush. When you examine the apparent exceptions (e. g. Phil Spectors wall of sound), the main vocal element is always mixed well above the wall. The Sound Comes Second 3 Radio Ready does not mean make it sound like its already on the radio. 4 Make sure your music sounds good, clean and dynamic at home and in the studio. That will guarantee it will sound good on the radio. 5 Many people are not familiar with good sound production and reproduction. First you must have a background, an ear education. Dont imitate the sound that you hear on the radio speaker. Compare your music to good recordings, auditioned on the best possible sound system. And dont forget the ultimate reference: the dynamic sound of live, unamplified music performed in a concert hall. Theres also evidence that prolonged exposure to loud music is causing hearing loss in an entire generation of our children. This leads to a preference for compressed sound, because dynamics bother the hearingimpaired. This, in turn, leads to a vicious cycle of even more loudness and further hearing loss. Do you hear me? Preparing For The Radio 6 Peak to average ratio is the difference between the level on an averaging meter, such as a VU meter, and the peak level of the music as read on a PPM. A meter which displays both peak and average on the same scale is most desirable, otherwise, you have to do some arithmetic, and look at two meters at once. If the dual-function meter reads -17 dBFS average, and -6 dBFS peak during some short musical passage, then your music has approximately an 11 dB peak to average ratio. Choose high peak to average ratio (14 dB or more) or low peak to average ratio (less than 14 dB) according to the sound you are trying to create at home-in general, without fear of how that will translate on the radio. If lowered peak to average ratio is part of your creative sound, it will translate on the radio, unless your processing was so severe that the average level becomes high enough to cause the radio processors to bring your music down (squash it). Avoid the danger zone, anything less than 6 dB peak to average ratio is dangerous, since radio processors are designed to try to maintain an average level, and they literally clamp material with too high an average level (material that would pin an ordinary VU meter). That material will probably sound worse on the radio than your competition with a larger peak to average atio. Think of your dynamics processor as a tool to help create your sound, not to be used for radio ready. The more compressed your material, the less the transient impact of the drums, clarity of the vocal syllables, and percussion. Sometimes thats esthetically desirable, but often it is displeasing, depending on the type of music. Use a wide range, uncompressed monitoring s ystem, to help decide which choice is best for your music. Compressors have always been used for effect in music production, and sometimes misused, from the 50s through the 90s. The newly-invented digital compressors are far more powerful than the old analog versions. Entirely new effects can be created, and some of todays hit records are even based on those effects. But watch out when you step on the gas of that Formula One Race Car! I feel that many rock CDs made in 1991 (before the popularity of powerful digital processors) sound better than major releases made in 1998. Only you have control over your sound; theres no official speed limit, and no policeman to revoke your drivers license, even though engineers are crashing all over the place. 2 RECIPE FOR RADIO SUCCESS 7 Subsonics Excessive subsonics can drain unnecessary energy away from the total loudness. In addition, excessive subsonic material can cause radio compressors to pump or be exercised unnecessarily. Check for excess subsonic energy in several ways: By looking with a real time analyzer, by listening with a pair of subwoofers, and by testing: If you are confident in the calibration of your s ubwoofers, test if the subsonics are musically meaningful by comparing the sound with and without a high-pass filter. If the sound gets clearer with the filter in, and you hear no losses in musical information, then use the filter on the program. Ironically, bass instruments (especially direct boxes) sometimes sound clearer when filtered below 40 Hz. But use your ears; dont extend this advice to the general case, and dont make this critical judgment with inferior monitors. 8 Excessive Sibilance The combination of FM Radios 75 microsecond pre-emphasis and poor sibilance controllers at the radio station can make a bad broadcast. Better to control excessive sibilance in the mastering. My efinition of excessive sibilance is that which would be annoying on a bright playback system. 9 Excessive peak percussion This problem is rare. Be aware of how radio processing reacts to percussive music. Watch out for a repetitive rhythmic transient thats many dB above the average level of the rest of the music, e. g. very sharp timbale hits with peaks at least 8 dB above the average vocal level. Radio processing, wit h its slow release times, can bring the vocal down severely with each timbale hit, and render the vocal (and all the background) inaudible for seconds at a time. Ideally, fix this problem in the mix, not in the mastering. Proper mix techniques, with selective processing, can keep this situation under control. Of course, if you can no longer fix it in the mix, then careful application of the Finalizers multi-band dynamics module will cure the problem without destroying the musics percussive nature. Just remember, this is a very rare situation that should be repaired with conservative, experienced ears, or your music will be ruined. Overcompression can ruin that beautiful percussive sound. Loudness and the radio Subtle multi-band compression and soft clipping can make you appear louder on the radio. If you feel this compromises the sound of the CD when played on the home system, why not make a special compressed single just for radio release. This gives you the best of both worlds. But remember, if you make the average level too high, it may trigger the radio processors to drop the level of your precious song. Do you know what comb filtering is? 13 DITHER Wordlengths and Dithering Dither is perhaps the most difficult concept for audio engineers to grasp. If this were a 24-bit world, with perfect 24-bit converters and 24-bit storage devices, there would be much less need for dither, and most of the dithering would go on behind the scenes. But until then (and the audio world is heading in that direction), you must apply dither whenever wordlength is reduced. The fine details of dithering are beyond the scope of this booklet; learn more by consulting the references in the appendix. Here are some basic rules and examples: 1 When reducing wordlength you must add dither. Example: From a 24-bit processor to a 16-bit DAT. Avoid dithering to 16 bits more than once on any project. Example: Use 24-bit intermediate storage, do not store intermediate work on 16-bit recorders. 3 Wordlength increases with almost any DSP calculation. Example: The outputs of digital recording consoles and processors like the Finalizer will be 24-bit even if you start with a 16-bit DAT or 16-bit multitrack. 4 Every flavor of dither and noise-shaping type sounds differ ent. It is necessary to audition any flavor of dither to determine which is more appropriate for a given type of music. When bouncing tracks with a digital console to a digital multitrack, dither the mix bus to the wordlength of the multitrack. If the multitrack is 16-bit digital, then youre violating rule #2 above, so try to avoid bounces unless you have a 20-bit (or better) digital multitrack. Example: You have four tracks of guitars on tracks 5 through 8, which you want to bounce in stereo to tracks 9 and 10. You have a 20-bit digital multitrack. You must dither the console outputs 9/10 to 20 bits. If you want to insert a processor (like the Finalizer) directly patched to tracks 9 and 10, dont dither the console, just dither the Finalizer to 20 bits. The Finalizers ADAT interface makes this process relatively painless. One complication: The ADAT chips on certain console interface cards are limited to only 20 bits. Consult your console manufacturer. Although the Finalizers ADAT interface carries a true 24 bits, if the consoles ADAT interface is limited to 20, you need to dither the console feed to the Finalizer to 20 bits and once again dither the Finalizer output to 20 bits to feed the multitrack! EQUALIZATION What Is An Accurate Tone Balance Perhaps the prime reason clients come to us is to verify and obtain an accurate tonal balance. The output of the major mastering studios is remarkably consistent, pointing to very accurate studio monitoring. As Ive pointed out, the goals of equalization in mastering are generally different from equalization in mixing. It is possible to help certain instruments (particularly the bass, bass drum and cymbals), but most of the time the goals are to produce a good spectral balance. What is a good tonal balance? The ear fancies the tonality of a symphony orchestra. On a 1/3 octave analyzer, the symphony always shows a gradual high frequency roll-off, as will most good pop music masters. Everything starts with the midrange. If the mid-frequency range is lacking in a rock recording, its just like leaving the violas or the woodwinds out of the symphony. The fundamentals of the vocal, guitar, piano and other instruments must be correct, or nothing else can be made right. Specialized Music Genres Its one thing to understand the symphony, and another to properly balance all the different music genres. The bass plays very different roles in each popular music genre. You could think of Reggae as a symphony with lots more bass instruments, but lets not get too hung up on the symphony analogy. Just remember to keep the symphony balance in your head as a basic reference, especially in the mid to high frequency balance. EQ Tricks Remember the yin and the yang: Contrasting ranges have an interactive effect. For example, a slight dip in the lower midrange (~250 Hz) can have a similar effect as a boost in the presence range (~5 kHz). Harshness in the upper midrange/lower highs can be combatted in several ways. For example, a harsh-sounding trumpet-section can be improved by dipping around 6-8 kHz, and/or by boosting circa 250 Hz. Either way produces a warmer presentation. The next trick is to restore the sense of air which can be lost by even a 1/2 dB cut at 7 kHz, and this can often be accomplished by raising the 15 to 20 kHz range, often only 1/4 dB can do the trick. Remember the interactivity of the frequency ranges; if you make a change in any of them, you must reevaluate your choices on them all. When you go to concerts, do you sometimes think you hear edits? 14 EQUALIZATION High Q or low? Gentle equalizer slopes almost always sound more natural than sharp. Qs of 0. 6 to 0. 8 are therefore very popular. Use the higher (sharper) Qs (greater than 2) when you need to be surgical, such as dealing with narrow-band bass resonances or high-frequency noises. The classic technique for finding a resonance is to start with a large boost (instead of a cut) to exaggerate the unwanted resonance, and fairly wide Q, then sweep through the frequencies until the resonance is most exaggerated, then narrow the Q to be surgical, and finally, dip the EQ the amount desired. Equalizer types Most of you are familiar with the difference between parametric and shelving equalizers. Parametric is the most popular equalizer type in recording and mixing, because were working with individual instruments. In mastering, shelving equalizers take on an increased role, because were dealing with overall program material. But the parametric is still most popular as it is surgical with defects, such as bass instruments that have resonances. Very few people know of a third and important curve thats extremely useful in mastering: the Baxandall curve (see ill. ). Hi-Fi tone controls are usually modeled around the Baxandall curve. Like shelving equalizers, a Baxandall curve is applied to low or high frequency boost/cuts. With a boost, instead of reaching a plateau (shelf), the Baxandall continues to rise. Think of the spread wings of a butterfly, but with a gentle curve applied. You can simulate a Baxandall high frequency boost by placing a parametric equalizer (Q= approximately 1) at the high-frequency limit (approximately 20 kHz). The portion of the bell curve above 20 k is ignored, and the result is a gradual rise starting at about 10 k and reaching its extreme at 20 k. This shape often corresponds better to the ears desires than any standard shelf. Baxandall Curve (grey) vs. Shelf (black) Most times the same EQ adjustment in both channels is best, as it maintains the stereo balance and relative phase between channels. But sometimes it is essential to be able to alter only one channels EQ. With a too-bright high-hat on the right side, a good sounding vocal in the middle and proper crash cymbal on the left, the best solution is to work on the right channels high frequencies. The Finalizer does not currently operate on separate channels, but other TC products provide this flexibility. Sometimes important instruments need help, though they should have been fixed in the mix. The best repair approach is to start subtly and advance to severity only if subtlety doesnt work. Remember: With a 2-track, every change affects everything! If the piano solo is weak, we try to make the changes surgically: only during the solo. only on the channel where the piano is primarily located, if that sounds less obtrusive. only in the fundamental frequencies if possible. as a last resort by raising the entire level, because a keen ear may notice a change when the gain is brought up. Instant A/Bs? With good monitoring, equalization changes of less than 1/2 dB are audible, so subtlety counts. You probably wont hear these changes in an instant A/B comparison, but you will notice them over time. I will take an equalizer in and out to confirm initial settings, but I never make instant EQ judgments. Music is so fluid from moment to moment that changes in the music will be confused with EQ changes. I usually play a passage for a reasonable time with setting A (sometimes 30 seconds, sometimes several minutes), then play it again with setting B. Or, play a continuous passage, listening to A for a reasonable time before switching to B. For example, over time it will become clear whether a subtle high frequency boost is helping or hurting the music. Equalization or Multiband Compression? Many people have complained that digital recording is harsh and bright. This is partly accurate: low-resolution recording (e. g. , 16 bit) doesnt sound as warm to the ear as high-resolution. In addition, digital recording is extremely unforgiving; distortion in preamplifiers, A/Ds, errors in mike placement are mercilessly revealed. The mastering engineer recognizes these defects and struggles to make a pleasant-sounding result. Use equalization when instruments at all levels need alteration, or one of the best tools to deal with these problems -multiband compression, which 1k 2k 4k 8k 16k 15 EQUALIZATION provides spectral balancing at different levels. It is possible to simulate the often-desirable high-frequency saturation characteristics of analog tape with a gentle high-frequency compressor. Use increased high-frequency compression at high levels when the sound gets harsh or bright. Or, vice versa, if you find that at low levels, the sound is losing its definition (which can happen due to poor microphone techniques, noise in the recording, or low-resolution recording) then apply gentle high frequency upward compression, engaged at lower levels. This function, often called AGC, is not available in the Finalizer, but can be found in the DBMAX by TC Electronic. EQ Interaction with the compressor If youre using split dynamics, make your first pass at equalization with the outputs (makeup gains) of the three bands. 3-band compression and equalization work hand-in-hand. If youre splitting dynamics processing, then tonal balance will be affected by the crossover frequencies, the amount of compression, and the makeup gain of each band. Before engaging an equalizer, first try to correct overall tonal balance with the makeup (output) gains of each compressor band. In general, the more compression, the duller the sound, because of the loss of transients. I first try to solve this problem by using less compression, or altering the attack time of the high-frequency compressor, but you may prefer to use the makeup gain or an equalizer to restore the high-frequency balance. NOISE REDUCTION Compression tends to amplify the noise in a source, because when the signal is below threshold, the compressor raises the gain. A possible antidote for noise is gentle low level expansion, especially at selective frequencies. Tape hiss, preamp hiss, noisy guitar and synth amplifiers can be perceived as problems or just part of the sound. But when you think the noise is a problem, dont be overzealous in its removal. I often refer to the sound of poorly-applied noise reduction as losing the baby with the bathwater. The key to good-sounding noise reduction is not to remove all the noise, but to accept a small improvement as a victory. Remember that louder signals mask the hiss, and also remember that the general public does not zero in on the noise as a problem. Theyre paying attention to the music, and you should, too! 1 to 4 dB of reduction in a narrow band centered around 3-5 kHz can be very effective and if done right, invisible to the ear. Do this with the Finalize rs multiband expansion. Start by finding a threshold, with initially a high expansion ratio, fast attack and release time. Zero in on a threshold that is just above the noise level. Youll hear ugly chatter and bouncing of the noise floor. Now, reduce the ratio to very small, below 1:2, perhaps even 1:1. 1, and slow the attack and release until there is little or no perceived modulation of the noise floor. The attack will usually have to be much faster than the release so that fast crescendos will not be affected. This gives gentle, almost imperceptible noise reduction. Use the Finalizers compare button to see how successful youve been. Hiss can be dramatically reduced, but make sure you havent damaged the music along with it. The thresholds in the other two bands may have to be set very high (expansion off). The Finalizers look-ahead delay actually allows the Expander to open before its hit by the signal, thereby conserving transients. Know Your Limits Noise reduction through simple expansion has its limits. If youre not satisfied, you may have to put the recording through specialized dedicated noise-reduction units, which employ algorithms that took years to perfect. In Noise-Reduction, you do get what you pay for, and if its inexpensive, its either ineffective, or probably no good. SIBILANCE CONTROL Sibilance Control (exaggerated s sounds) is a natural artifact of compressors. This occurs because the compressor doesnt recognize the continuous s sound as over threshold, but the ear is extremely sensitive in that frequency region. In other words, the compressor doesnt correspond with how the ear works. The solution is a very fast, narrowband compressor working only in the sibilance region (anywhere from 2. 5 kHz to about 9 kHz). At concerts do you try to identify the microphones that are used? 16 MONITORS Monitors and Equalization An inaccurate or unrefined monitor system not only causes incorrect equalization, but also results in too much equalization. The more accurate and linear your monitors, the less equalization you will apply, so it pays to talk a bit about monitor adjustment. The ear/brain must be used in conjunction with test instruments to determine monitor accuracy. For example, some degree of measured high-frequency roll-off usually sounds best (due to losses in the air), but there is no objective measurement that says this roll-off measures right, only an approximation. Thus, for the high frequencies, the ultimate monitor tweak must be done by ear. Which leads us to the chicken and egg problem: If you use recordings to judge monitors, how do you know that the recording was done right? The answer is to use the finest reference recordings (at least 25 to 50) to judge the monitors, and take an average. The highs will vary from a touch dull to a touch bright, but the majority will be right on if your monitor system is accurate. Try to avoid adding monitor correction equalizers; better to fix the room or replace the loudspeakers; my techniques include tweaks on speaker crossover components until the monitors fall precisely in the middle of the acceptance curve of all 50 reference recordings. Even with monitor brands that sound perfect elsewhere, your room, interconnect cable capacitance, power amplifiers, D/A converters, and preamplifiers affect high frequency response especially, so if you make any changes, you must reevaluate your monitors with the 25 best recordings! Monitors and Stereo Imaging The Finalizer provides powerful techniques for adjusting stereo imaging. But first, your monitors and acoustics must be up to the task. Separate your monitors to approximately a 60 degree angle. There is a test record that objectively evaluates stereo imaging, and detects comb-filtering caused by nearby surfaces, as well as defects in speaker crossovers. Its called the LEDR test, short for Listening Environment Diagnostic Recording, and is available from Chesky Records, (http://www. chesky/com) on JD37. First play the announce track and confirm that the announcers positions are correct. If not, then adjust speaker separation and angle. Then play the LEDR test. The beyond signal should extend about 1 foot to the left and right of the speakers. If not, then look for side wall reflections. Similarly, the up signal should rise straight up, 3 to 6 feet, and the over signal should be a rainbow rising at least as high as the up. If not, look for interfering objects above and between the speakers, or defective drivers or crossovers. Adjusting stereo balance Stereo balance must not be judged by comparing channel meters. The only way to accurately adjust stereo balance is by ear. Confirm your monitors are balanced by playing pink noise at an exact matched channel level. Sit in the sweet spot. All frequencies of the pink noise must image in a narrow spot in the center of the loudspeakers. If a film or TV actor wearing a microphone crosses his arms, do you immediately notice the change in sound quality? 17 ADVANCED MASTERING TECHNIQUES Mastering benefits from the digital audio workstation. The powerful Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) lets you make edits, smooth fades, emphasize or de-emphasize the loudness of sections. A client brought a DAT with 10 songs. On one of the songs, the bass was not mixed loudly enough (this can happen to even the best producer). We were able to bring up the bass with a narrow-band equalizer that had little effect on the vocal. But when the producer took the ref home, he was dissatisfied. Youve done a wonderful job on the bass, but the delicacy of the vocal is affected too much for my goals. Do you think I can bring you a DAT of the bass part so we can raise it there? I cant possibly duplicate this mix. I told him we could handle that, asking for a DAT with a full mix reference on one channel, and the isolated bass on the other. I was able to load the DAT into my workstation, synchronize the isolated bass, and raise the bass in the mastering environment, without affecting the vocal. It was an unequivocal success. Another client doing the album of a new age pianist brought a four-track Exabyte archive in our workstations format. Tracks 1 2 contained the full mix minus the piano, and tracks 3 4 contained only the piano. If all four tracks were mixed at unity gain we would end up with the full mix, but if necessary, we could level, compress, or equalize the piano separately in the mastering. Alternate Mixes Another approach is to ask the client to send separate vocal up, vocal correct, and vocal down mixes because the mastering environment is ideal for making those decisions, and mastering processing may affect that delicate balance. But often its a luxury to make separate mixes, and we dream of ways of tweaking the mix on an existing two-track. A recent client had mixed in a bass-light room and his bass was very boomy, right up to about 180 Hz. The vocal came down slightly when I corrected the boomy bass, but through special M-S processing techniques, I was able to produce a perfectly-balanced master hich leads us to MS Mastering Techniques Prior to the advent of digital processors like the Finalizer, mastering engineers were fairly limited in what we could accomplish; today, we still tell a few clients to go back and fix it in the mix, but we have tricks up our sleeves that can accomplish wonders with a two-track mix. One ancient technique is incredibly powerful MS Ma stering. MS stands for Mid-Side, or Mono-Stereo. In MS microphone technique, a cardioid, front-facing microphone is fed to the M, or mono channel, and a figure 8, side-facing microphone is fed to the S, or stereo channel. A simple decoder (just an audio mixer) combines these two channels to produce L(Left) and R(Right) outputs. Heres the decoder formula: M plus S equals L, M minus S equals R. Heres how to decode in the mixer: feed M to fader 1, S to fader 2, pan both to the left. Feed M to fader 3, S to fader 4, invert the polarity of fader 4 (minus S), pan both to the right. The more M in the mix, the more monophonic (centered) the material, the more S, the more wide-spread, or diffuse the material. If you mute the M channel, you will hear out of phase sound, containing largely the reverberation and the instruments at the extreme sides. Mute the S channel, and you will largely hear the vocalist; the sound collapses, missing richness and space. Theres not perfect separation between M and S channels, but enough to accomplish a lot of control on a simple 2-track. Its great for film work the apparent distance and position of an actor can be changed by simple manipulation of two faders. M-S technique doesnt have to be reserved to a specialized miking technique. By using MS, we can separate an ordinary stereo recording into its center and side elements, and then separately process those elements. I tell my clients Im making three tracks from two. Do you try to identify the frequency every time you hear system feedback? The MS adventure begins MS is another tool that reduces compromises and increases the possibilities of mastering. The possibilities are only limited by your imagination. The Finalizer, and especially the Finalizer 96K, allows you to manipulate stereo separation using MS technique. Lets take a stereo recording with a weak, centerchannel vocalist. First we put in our MS encoder, which separates the signal into M and S. Then we decrease the S level or increase the M level. We then decode that signal back into L and R. Presto, the vocal level comes up, as does the bass (usually) and every other center instrument. In addition, the stereo width narrows, which often isnt desirable. But at least we raised the vocalist and saved the day! The Finalizers built-in width control does this job by changing the ratio of M to S. 18 ADVANCED MASTERING TECHNIQUES But we can accomplish a lot more, often with no audible compromise to the presentation, and make clients very happy. Lets take our stereo recording, encode it into MS, and apply separate equalization to the M and S channels. Heres the traditional (pre-Finalizer) method: Feed the output of the MS encoder to a dual-channel equalizer. Channel one of the equalizer contains the M channel, which has most of the vocal. Channel two contains the S channel, which has most of the ambience and side instruments. With the M channel EQ, we can raise the vocal slightly by raising (for example) the 250 Hz range, and perhaps also the presence range (5 kHz, for example). This brings up the center vocal with little effect on the other instruments, and lowers the stereo separation almost imperceptibly. The Finalizer 96Ks Spectral Stereo Imager can also remix this material, with a slightly different user interface. By raising the M level (reducing the width) of the 250 Hz and/or 5 kHz range, we bring up the center vocal very similarly to the traditional method, and without seriously deteriorating the imaging of the other instruments. In addition to this remix facility, the spectral stereo imager has very creative width control, limited only by your imagination. Spread the cymbals without losing the focus of the snare, tighten the bass image without losing stereo separation of other instruments, and so on. Even More Advanced M-S Technique Currently the Finalizer has a single threshold for both channels, but other TC Electronics products can accomplish even more sophisticated M-S mastering. Youve all heard the mix that sounds great, but the vocal is sometimes a bit buried when the instruments get loud. We try compressing the overall mix, or even narrow band compression of the vocal range, but it worsens the great sound of the instruments. MS compression can help us isolate the compression to the center chanel. By only compressing the M channel, we delicately bring up the center channel level when signals get loud. Or, better yet, use multiband MS compression, so, the bass (for example) is unaffected by our compression. In other words, compress only the midrange frequencies of only the M channel A very selective and powerful process, only available in todays digital world. Make an UnFinalized Safety Now you have a master, ready to send to the plant. The most professional mastering engineers make unprocessed safety copies of the music for future release on high-resolution media. If youre creating a submaster to take to a mastering house, also make an unprocessed version, as the mastering house may have a different idea of how to make your music shine. If you answered yes to most of the questions in this tutorial, then you? ll make a great mastering engineer. 19 APPENDIX REFERENCE References The Digital Domain website, http://www. digido. com, contains further references to topics mentioned in this booklet, with information on dither, compression, metering, monitor calibration, good-sounding commercial CDs to listen to, scientific references, and more. APPENDIX GLOSSARY dBFS dB reference full scale Full scale digital is defined as 0 dBFS, the maximum numeric level which can be encoded. Gain, Loudness, Volume and Level Loudness is the subjective judgment of level, by ear. Loudness is an approximate quantity, while level can be repeatable measured, if the averaging time of the measuring instrument is specified. In a professional context, dont use the term volume to avoid confusion with quarts and liters use loudness instead. Use the professional term gain control rather than volume control. Gain is often confused with Level. Gain is the property of an amplifier or attenuator, while level refers to the amount of signal going through that amplifier. For example, a signal may measure a level of -10 dBFS before going through an amplifier. If the amplifier has a gain of 6 dB, then the level of the signal on the output of the amplifier will be -4 dBFS. Absolute values are applied to level (e. g. , 6 volts, or -12 dBFS), while only relative values can be used for gain (e. g. a gain of 2X, or +6 dB). It is incorrect to say that a device has a gain of +7 dBm or dBv Bm or dBv or dBFS are absolute terms reserved for measured level, not for gain. Sample Rate The number of samples per second. The preferred abbreviation is S/s, or kS/s, e. g. , 44. 1 kS/s. Common usage is 44. 1 kHz, but this approach is often confusing when the same sentence also refers to bandwidth or frequencies of interest. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A big thank you to Bob Ludwig, of Gateway Mastering, Portland Maine, and Gl enn Meadows, of Masterfonics, Nashville, Tennessee. Bob and Glenn reviewed the manuscript and added helpful suggestions that made an even better booklet. 20